North Korea’s Global Ripple Effect

As North Korea continues to build its nuclear program, how will its defiance of the international community impact world events? In a move possibly timed to coincide with America’s Day of Independence, North Korea ratcheted up already simmering tensions with the United States by test-firing six ballistic missiles. The next day, it launched a seventh—a long-range missile said to be capable of striking U.S. soil. The launches came despite repeated warnings from Japan, the U.S., and China, North Korea’s close ally. This defiant act clearly signaled North Korea’s determination to join the “nuclear club,” countries that possess nuclear weapons. In fact, it claims to already possess such weapons, and many military and intelligence officials believe this to be true. Even more frightening for the international community is that North Korea appears to be willing to sell such destructive weapons to rogue nations and terrorist organizations. It has said it will continue to test its missiles, and has promised reprisals if sanctions are imposed. It has also threatened nuclear retaliation if attacked. Learn the why behind the headlines. Subscribe to the Real Truth for FREE news and analysis. SUBSCRIBE NOW I’m already subscribed. With a history of unpredictable and confrontational behavior, how will the global ripple effects of an aggressive nuclear North Korea shape the future balance of world power? Aggressive Stance From its capital at Pyongyang, the North Korean government commands the fifth-largest standing army on earth—more than one million soldiers—as well as a vast special operations force, arguably the world’s second-largest. Its massive, battle-tested armed forces are well equipped with chemical, biological, conventional and possibly nuclear weapons. Simply put, it is a force to be reckoned with. Many arms control experts believe that North Korea has been pursuing nuclear capability for decades. In 1994, after years of diplomatic wrangling, it agreed to suspend all nuclear-related activities in exchange for fuel, food and financial aid, primarily from the U.S. and China. However, this agreement was short-lived. In 2002, Pyongyang restarted its nuclear reactor at Yongbyon and expelled UN International Atomic Energy Agency monitors. The following year, it withdrew from the international non-proliferation treaty. Despite protests from the international community, North Korea has defiantly stated it has the right to a nuclear “self-defense” deterrent and that it will continue developing its nuclear program. This belligerent approach has strained its relationship with the United States, South Korea, Japan and even China, all of which are concerned about Pyongyang’s military intentions. As a result, North Korea is widely seen as the greatest threat to peace in the Far East. Economic Distress North Korea has one of the world’s most centrally-planned and isolated economies. The communist-led government sets all prices, wages and production levels, and all products are manufactured by state-run enterprises. After years of underinvestment and mismanagement, the country’s industrial infrastructure is believed to be beyond repair, resulting in, for example, a chronic shortage of spare parts for industrial machines. In the 1990s, the country’s economy declined dramatically under a combination of economic mismanagement, natural disasters, fertilizer shortages and the collapse of its main benefactor, the Soviet Union. For an economy that was never robust to begin with, the results were catastrophic. Poor agricultural yields led to severe food shortages and widespread starvation. It is estimated that during its time of economic decline, between 600,000 and 3.5 million North Koreans—3% to 15% of the population—starved to death. Since then, the country has relied heavily on aid from China, South Korea, the U.S. and international agencies to feed its population, with China and South Korea being the leading providers. The country continues to experience food shortages mainly due to a lack of arable land, inefficient farming practices and shortages of tractors and fuel. In 2005, it experienced its 11th consecutive year of food shortages. With famine continuing to be a very real threat, it is widely believed that a desperate North Korea is using its nuclear aggression as leverage to negotiate a non-aggression pact with America and an ongoing supply of food aid from the international community to feed its malnourished population. This shortage of food for its citizens is partly due to the maintenance and expansion of its military. It is estimated that the country spends 25% of its gross national product (GNP) on the military, the highest rate in the world. (By comparison, its rival South Korea spends only 2.5% of GNP on its military.) This has enabled North Korea to have a standing army of one million soldiers and a formidable arsenal of biological, chemical and conventional weapons. In addition, Pyongyang is a major exporter of arms to many nations, including volatile nations such as Iran and Pakistan. Global Rippling Effects The international community is concerned about North Korea for a number of reasons: • The erratic, unpredictable and aggressive nature of its government • Its lack of commitment to abide by internationally-accepted codes of conduct North Korea at a Glance • Area: Slightly smaller than Mississippi • Natural Resources: Coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower • Geography: Strategic location bordering China, South Korea and Russia; mountainous interior is isolated and sparsely populated • Population: 23,113,019 (July 2006 estimate) • Environmental Issues: Water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; waterborne disease; deforestation; soil erosion and degradation Source: CIA’s World Factbook • Its sale of weapons to unstable rogue nations and possibly terrorist groups • Its determination to develop nuclear weapons • The threat of it attacking and occupying South Korea In 2003, the world’s leading nations initiated “Six-Party Talks” in an attempt to persuade the North Korean government to give up its nuclear ambitions, with the proposed incentive of receiving increased economic aid, as well as a security agreement from Washington not to attack North Korea. However, after several rounds of talks, little progress has been made. As it continues to press ahead with its nuclear program, Pyongyang’s aggressive stance is causing rippling effects across the world scene. • United States: The U.S. has tens of thousands of troops on the border between North and South Korea, on guard against any potential attack on the South. However, the American military is also occupied in a number of “hotspot” regions, including Iraq and Afghanistan. If the decision was made to remove U.S. troops from South Korea (which is possible), would the South be able to withstand an attack from the North? And, with its military resources spread so thin around the world, how would the U.S. react? Also, any attempted invasion of North Korea would be a highly risky move, most likely resulting in disaster. With its massive army, huge stockpile of weapons, and long-range “Taepodong-2” missiles capable of hitting U.S. soil, North Korea represents a “nightmare” scenario for the Pentagon, far worse than Vietnam. A powerful well-armed North Korea with potential Chinese support is a different proposition than Iraq. Would the U.S. public be able to stomach a long-term war with potentially hundreds of thousands of casualties? • China: Since its founding, North Korea has had close ties with the Chinese government, its chief supplier of food and fuel. China has an interest in building a stable North Korea, chiefly because of the threat of millions of refugees streaming over its border in search of food. MCT MCT However, relations between the two countries appear to have cooled in recent years, due to North Korea’s erratic behavior. As North Korea continues to advance its nuclear program, will Beijing be able to persuade it to cooperate with the world community? • Japan: The Japanese and North Korean governments have not had diplomatic relations for some time due to long-term hostility. The two countries are historic enemies, with bitterness rising to new heights after Japan’s occupation of Korea and the atrocities it committed in World War II. Contentious relations continued in the second half of the century, most notably in the 1970s and 80s when a number of Japanese nationals were abducted by North Korean spies, sparking national outrage. In 1998, North Korea once again ignited controversy when it test-fired a missile over Japan, causing great alarm. Tensions between the two rose dramatically after the July 2006 test-firings, with many in Japan calling for the expansion of its military. In fact, Japan is so concerned about the recent missile test-fires that—for the first time since World War II—some leaders considered a preemptive strike on North Korea’s missile bases! Will North Korea’s actions give rise to Japanese nationalism and (as many worry) the emergence of Japan as a military and strategic counterweight? • The Middle East: Pyongyang is said to have provided weapons to a number of Middle Eastern nations, including Iran. It is also believed to be a sponsor of terrorism. How will this change the balance of power in the Mid-East? As the state of Israel is supported by the U.S., the Arab nations have long sought sponsorship for their cause. So too have the terrorist organizations. A well-armed North Korea provides a potentially attractive option, particularly for weapons procurement and military training. The attraction of such a relationship for North Korea would be the ability to procure large quantities of cheap oil, so desperately needed. It is believed that the Arab nations are possibly arming themselves for future war with Israel. It remains to be seen what part North Korea would play if war were to occur. “Self-Reliant” Nation North Korea’s impact on the world scene outweighs its size. Bordered by Russia, China and South Korea, it has a population of 23 million, in a landmass slightly smaller than the state of Mississippi. This communist country is perhaps the most isolated, highly controlled nation in the world. Citizens are closely monitored (for instance, cellphones were once banned), and the government restricts travel into and out of the country. Even though the Korean people have a long history, North Korea is a relatively new nation, formed at the end of World War II. When the Soviet Union and the United States defeated the Japanese occupiers, Korea was divided into two nations, one north of the 38th parallel, and the other south. Since then, Russia and China have supported the communist North, while the U.S. has backed the democratic South. Internally, North Korea has had political stability, having only two leaders in its history, Kim Il Sung (known as “Great Leader”) and his son, Kim Jong-il (known as “Dear Leader”). At its founding under Kim Il Sung, the government practiced a policy of economic and diplomatic self-reliance (“juiche”) in order to counteract the excessive influence of other nations, including even its closest allies, the Soviets and Chinese. This policy, while continuing to be officially maintained, has been a failure, as North Korea is heavily dependent upon other nations for food. What Lies Ahead? What role will North Korea ultimately play in world affairs? Intelligence analysts, military specialists and government leaders continually monitor and analyze these and other geopolitical situations and potential scenarios. However, no human being can precisely predict the decisions a rogue nation will make, or how the outcome of such decisions will affect mankind’s future. But there is one source that has analyzed and laid out—in advance!—the future geopolitical scene. Few understand that this “analysis” is revealed in the Bible. One third of Scripture is prophecy, of which much is foretold to be fulfilled in “the latter days” (Jer. 23:20)—our time now! It is likely that North Korea’s million-man army will join a prophesied Eurasian power-bloc (the “Kings of the East” – Rev. 16:12), along with Russia, which will eventually fight a European superpower for world domination at the end of the age. The very survival of humanity will be threatened (Matt. 24:22). Just when all life will be on the verge of extinction, Jesus Christ will return and stop humanity from destroying itself, putting an end to all wars: “And He shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people: and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruninghooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more” (Isa. 2:4). At that time, North Korea and all other nations will permanently abandon their nuclear programs.

GSMA wants India to prepare spectrum roadmap for 5G rollout

Telecom minister Manoj Sinha had said in Rajya Sabha in 2016 that a part of 470-698 MHz band spectrum, after coordination with the information and broadcasting ministry, would be put to use for International Mobile Telephony or IMT services. NEW DELHI: The London-headquartered GSM Association, which represents the interests of mobile network operators worldwide, has recommended the Indian government to also earmark L band (1427–1518 MHz) and 600 MHz band, or the part of C band in the 3.3 GHz band that has been already under the Indian regulator's consultation process, for 5G services. Brett Tarnutzer, head of spectrum at GSMA, told ET that India had committed to all three bands being allocated for 5G at the 2015 World Radiocommunication Conference and should abide by it. ALSO READ: Right amount of spectrum critical for 5G rollout: Reliance Jio “Additional spectrum bands were identified by India for mobile broadband, particularly the L band (1427–1518 MHz), part of the C band (3.3 GHz band) and it supported 600 MHz band (470–698 MHz) for 5G,” Tarnutzer said. He said that the Indian government should now commit to those bands in the National Frequency Allocation Plan and prepare a roadmap for the largely unused bands, and embark on a strategy for its spectrum needs for 2020 to 2025. The association said that 600 MHz or sub 700 MHz would support widespread coverage across urban, suburban and rural areas. This would be critical for 5G services, which otherwise would struggle to reach beyond urban centres and deeper inside buildings without this spectrum, it said. In a reply to a lawmaker’s question, telecom minister Manoj Sinha had said in Rajya Sabha in 2016 that a part of 470-698 MHz band spectrum, after coordination with the information and broadcasting ministry, would be put to use for International Mobile Telephony or IMT services, when the ecosystem evolved. Currently, the unused TV spectrum in the 470-698 MHz frequency band is being used by state television, Doordarshan, for terrestrial TV broadcast in the country. ALSO READ: China, Japan & Korea to lead 5G deployments worldwide: Sunil Mittal The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India had in August floated a consultation paper across nine frequency bands for the next round of airwaves sales that include 5G-capable 3300-3400 MHz and 3400-3600 MHz bands. GSMA has forecast that commercial 5G networks will begin to be widely deployed by the beginning of the next decade and, by 2025, provide coverage to a third of the world’s population. Meet the industry leaders including Emanuela Lecchi, Head of Public Policy, APAC, GSMA & Laurent Bodusseau, Global Senior Director, Spectrum, GSMA at The 5G Congress in New Delhi. Technologies that will aid 5G, IoT and build future networks

Telecom minister Manoj Sinha had said in Rajya Sabha in 2016 that a part of 470-698 MHz band spectrum, after coordination with the information and broadcasting ministry, would be put to use for International Mobile Telephony or IMT services. NEW DELHI: The London-headquartered GSM Association, which represents the interests of mobile network operators worldwide, has recommended the Indian government to also earmark L band (1427–1518 MHz) and 600 MHz band, or the part of C band in the 3.3 GHz band that has been already under the Indian regulator's consultation process, for 5G services. Brett Tarnutzer, head of spectrum at GSMA, told ET that India had committed to all three bands being allocated for 5G at the 2015 World Radiocommunication Conference and should abide by it. ALSO READ: Right amount of spectrum critical for 5G rollout: Reliance Jio “Additional spectrum bands were identified by India for mobile broadband, particularly the L band (1427–1518 MHz), part of the C band (3.3 GHz band) and it supported 600 MHz band (470–698 MHz) for 5G,” Tarnutzer said. He said that the Indian government should now commit to those bands in the National Frequency Allocation Plan and prepare a roadmap for the largely unused bands, and embark on a strategy for its spectrum needs for 2020 to 2025. The association said that 600 MHz or sub 700 MHz would support widespread coverage across urban, suburban and rural areas. This would be critical for 5G services, which otherwise would struggle to reach beyond urban centres and deeper inside buildings without this spectrum, it said. In a reply to a lawmaker’s question, telecom minister Manoj Sinha had said in Rajya Sabha in 2016 that a part of 470-698 MHz band spectrum, after coordination with the information and broadcasting ministry, would be put to use for International Mobile Telephony or IMT services, when the ecosystem evolved. Currently, the unused TV spectrum in the 470-698 MHz frequency band is being used by state television, Doordarshan, for terrestrial TV broadcast in the country. ALSO READ: China, Japan & Korea to lead 5G deployments worldwide: Sunil Mittal The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India had in August floated a consultation paper across nine frequency bands for the next round of airwaves sales that include 5G-capable 3300-3400 MHz and 3400-3600 MHz bands. GSMA has forecast that commercial 5G networks will begin to be widely deployed by the beginning of the next decade and, by 2025, provide coverage to a third of the world’s population. Meet the industry leaders including Emanuela Lecchi, Head of Public Policy, APAC, GSMA & Laurent Bodusseau, Global Senior Director, Spectrum, GSMA at The 5G Congress in New Delhi. Technologies that will aid 5G, IoT and build future networks

ADP7000 Series 10-bit Digitizers

ADP7000 Series 10-bit Digitizers combined with DP7000 Digital Processor (2.5x more processing power than ADC6000) 10‑bit A/D Converters with 32 Gsa/s sampling rate with up to 2 channels of 10 GHz analog bandwidth Each channel has adjustable front-end (-32 dBm to +22 dBm with 1 dB steps) Full-scale (FS) noise floor down to −160 dB/Hz 128 GBytes of acquisition memory per module FPGA-based reconfigurable digital signal processing with up to Real-Time 32 Gsa/s processing speed Up to Real-Time digital full band frequency and phase response equalization Real-Time digital down conversion DDC with frequency and phase response equalization option Real-Time data streaming to external devices via Optical Data Interfaces (ODI) High-speed data transfer to host computer and graphics processors (GPU) for fast signal processing ADP7000 Series 10-bit Digitizers OverviewApplication SoftwareRF characteristicsSpecificationsOrdering and AvailabilityBrochure and Flyer Guzik AXIe ADP7000 Series Modular Digitizer and Digital Processor combine high-speed waveform digitizer with built-in digital signal processing, which both enable mixed-domain signal capture and analysis with high-speed data transfer links to computers. The ADP7000 Modules come in a display-less 2U high 19” AXIe modular form factor. The product addresses demanding ATE and OEM systems applications in advanced research such as 5G, hydrodynamics, plasma fusion, rotational spectroscopy, semiconductor, physics, astronomy, wireline and wireless communications analysis, aerospace, defense, avionics, military, radar electronics and a variety of other disciplines. The wide analog bandwidth and high sampling rate of the digitizers provide multi band coverage on multiple input channels. For example, the direct RF-sampling capabilities of the digitizers cover radar signals in HF, VHF, UHF, L-, S-, C-, and part of X-band. Direct RF-sampling reduces the overall system complexity by eliminating several input analog down-conversion stages. The waveform digitizer ADP7000 series modules feature 10-bit Keysight Analog to Digital A/D converters with sampling rates up to 2×32 Gsa/s and analog bandwidth DC to 10 GHz with range adjustable front end (-32 dBm to +22 dBm with 1 dB steps). ADP7000 with up to 128 GBytes of acquisition memory, delivers the longest waveform capture time window available in a high bandwidth analog to digital converter instrument. ADP7000 features an FPGA-based reconfigurable digital signal processor with up to 2 channel 32 Gsa/s combined processing speed to convey massive time-critical computations directly inside the instrument. The PCI Express Gen 3 link provides fast control access and DMA transfer of the acquired data to the host computer’s GPU and CPU-based processing back-end. The x4 link delivers up to 3.2 GBytes/s data transfer rate in a Gen3 capable AXIe chassis. In addition, four dedicated Optical Data Interfaces can be configured for Real-Time Continuous Streaming to additional DP7000, host PCs or RAIDs at up to 2×32 Gsa/s (80 GBytes/s). A Software Development Kit is supplied to control the instrument and to integrate the ADP7000 into an existing AXIe measurement system. Guzik also supplies Signal Display Soft Front Panel graphical interface application for signal capturing and visualization. The block diagram below shows the main components of the modular instrument: Figure 1. Block Diagram of ADP7000 Module ADP7000 Digitizer Designed for AXIe-1 Standard The 2U AXIe ADP7000 Modular Digitizer installs into an industry standard AXIe-1 chassis together with other instruments, such as Keysight M8190A 12 Gsa/s, M8195A 65 Gsa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator, and other AXIe-0 or AXIe-1 modular instruments. Guzik AXIe Modular ADP7000 Digitizer ADP7000 Series includes two modules listed in the table below: ADP7104 ADP7084 Input Channels 4 4 Analog Bandwidth (-3dB) 10 GHz (2-ch mode) 6.5 GHz (4-ch mode) 8 GHz (2-ch mode) 4 GHz (4-ch mode) Sampling Rate (per channel) 32 Gsa/s (2-ch mode) 16 Gsa/s (4-ch mode) 20 Gsa/s (2-ch mode) 10 Gsa/s (4-ch mode) Acquisition Memory1 (per channel maximum) 48 GSa (2-ch mode) 24 GSa (4-ch mode) 48 GSa (2-ch mode) 24 GSa (4-ch mode) PCI Express Gen 3 Interface to AXIe chassis X4 standard X4 standard ________________ 1 With 15/16 memory utilization Acquisition System At the heart of the ADP7000 Digitizer Modules are state of the art high-speed real-time 10-bit analog to digital converter (ADC) ASICs supplied by Keysight Technologies, which provide high speed waveform capture with 4x more vertical resolution and better SNR than 8-bit ADC-s A low-noise front-end amplifier/attenuator is connected to each input channel, which enables user selectable wide operational vertical input range. Combined with the DP7000 digital processor with four Intel Arria 10 processing FPGAs with combined 13,504 multipliers and 6 TeraFlops of IEEE754-compliant floating-point DSP cores. The patented2 Guzik digital frequency response equalization further improves the signal fidelity and effective number of bits. At the maximum sampling rate of 32 Gsa/s (31.25 psec per point), the ADP7000 can capture up to 1.5 seconds of a real-time waveform into its ultra-long acquisition memory per channel in two channel mode. ________________ 2 U.S. Patent 7,408,495 Internal Clock Internal clock accuracy is critical for deep-memory applications. The digitizers achieve precise time accuracy with a next-generation premium ultra low phase noise time base architecture. Time scale accuracy of 5 parts per billion after calibration and down to 50 fs of intrinsic jitter. Channel Trigger The ADP7000 features a digital processing trigger. This feature makes use of the real-time hardware waveform processing capability and allows you to define trigger parameters based on the actual digital waveform data. This trigger is available on any input channel. In addition, four external trigger/gate source inputs are provided. Trigger conditions are set using the Signal Display software tool or from your application via SDK. Processing Overview and Capabilities ADP7000 provides various options for signal processing: FPGA, GPU, and CPU-based processing. FPGA-based Processing Inside the ADP7000 are four Intel Altera ArriaTM 10 FPGAs for processing. These core processing elements combined with Guzik’s implementation of customer-specified measurement algorithms provide end users with a truly tailored measurement solution where speed and throughput count. The FPGA-based processor combined with Guzik’s custom engineering capabilities provides you with the possibility to perform digital signal processing directly in ADP7000 prior to sending waveform data out to computer. Many applications may require only processed results to be sent to the host computer rather than raw waveform data. Guzik can work directly with customers to implement custom processing capabilities drawing from years of experience in waveform analysis. Choice of firmware options includes channel equalization, filtering, multi-segment time-tagged acquisition, Real-Time Digital Down Conversion (DDC), Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), waveform min/max, Real-Time Waveform Averaging, and parameter calculations among others are all available along with application-specific requests. Guzik can provide custom services after a technical consultation regarding the specific application and required processing. The combined FPGA processing resources are listed in the table below: Processing Block Number Notes Logic Cells 2,640,000 Logic Elements Block RAM 8,532 168 M20K memory blocks M20K memory (Mb) Multipliers 13,504 18-bit x 19-bit multipliers Real-Time Stream Processing Architecture via Fiber Optics The ADP7000 introduces Real-Time Stream Processing Architecture via fiber optics interconnect technology. It allows to cascade additional DP7000 processors together with the ADP7000 digitizer to achieve higher memory capacity and processing capabilities. Combined with the Optical Bridge Interface Card the DP7000 can be connected to external PC-s and RAID arrays via the fiber optics interconnect technology. Continuous streaming to additional DP7000-s, host PCs or RAIDs at up to 640 Gbps is shown in the block diagram illustrating the connections and data throughput: PCI Express Host Computer Control Interface The ADP7000 provides PCI Express Gen 3 x4 interface to the AXIe backplane. The PCI Express bridge card installs into the host computer, and a standard PCI Express x8 cable connects the AXIe chassis to the host computer. High speed waveform transfer with sustained data rates up to 3.2 GByte/sec is possible from this port back to the host computer with a Gen3 capable AXIe chassis. GPU-based Processing General-purpose computation on graphic hardware allows developers to reuse the computational algorithms available for GPU or develop their own algorithms on CUDA C or OpenCL. NVidia® GeForce GTX 10804 GPU can be shipped as an option with the ADP7000. It is possible to use any NVidia® GPU with computing capability 2.0 or higher, if its power requirements are satisfied by the computer. ________________ 4 Current configuration. More powerful GPU cards may be shipped in the future CPU-based Processing In addition to FPGA-based and GPU-based computation, customers have an option to perform signal processing using a computer CPU. Multi-core processing libraries, such as OpenMP, allow utilizing full power of modern 12-core CPU computers. Once more powerful computers with additional cores are released, you can upgrade your computer keeping your existing ADP7000 Digitizer Module. Ultra-fast GPU-based FFT Measurements5 ADP7000 performs frequency domain analysis using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) calculated on a GPU. Single NVIDIA® GTX GPU card performs FFT calculations at a 2.5 Gsa/s processing speed. This means, for example, that collecting data at 10 Gsa/s for 100 µs, processing in 400 µs, the full signal spectrum up to 5 GHz with resolution bandwidth 10 kHz – 500,000 spectral lines would take less than 0.5 ms. ________________ 5 Available using the Software Development Kit (GSA SDK) Temperature Stabilization The ADP7000 digitizer modules keep constant temperature for the critical A-to-D components for better measurement accuracy. Tested at ambient temperatures from 15°C to 35°C in standard AXIe chassis. External Clock and I/O The ADP7000 Modules feature 50 ohm SMA connectors for inputs and MCX connectors for clock, external gate and control I/O connections. One Synchronization Clock Input and Output. The Synchronization Clock Input supports 50 MHz, 100 MHz or 200 MHz reference clock frequencies. The front-panel built-in Synchronization Clock Distributor allows precise time synchronization of more than one digitizer to increase the number of phase coherent digitizer channels available in a system. One ADC 1 GHz Reference Clock Input and Output. Four Gate Inputs are available to trigger the instrument from external control signals or markers. Four Test Outputs are available for custom application support and system integration. External I/O dynamic scenario port provides real-time control access to processing FPGA’s. Precise DDC carrier frequency, phase and amplitude settings are possible in real-time through the sequencer control. Complex operations such as frequency sweeps are possible. ADP7000 provides a programmable built-in calibrator with a variety of test signals. Automatic calibration routine is run during every application start while initializing the sub-systems to ensure accurate operation of the instrument. In addition, the calibrator signals can be user switched to output the test signals to the front panel output connector. Please contact Guzik Technical Enterprises for more information. Information about the available firmware and software options for the ADP7000: Firmware Option Description ADC_BASE (Digitizer Base License) Base license for one segment simultaneous acquisition and readout of data to the host computer, with patented6 digital Time-Interleaved ADC mismatch, frequency response and phase equalization. Please refer to white paper Equalization of Multiple Interleaved Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) ADC_SM (Segmented Memory Acquisition) Multi segment acquisitions in the Guzik digitizers use a circular acquisition buffer with minimum inter-segment dead-time of 300ns. This allows, for example, to capture up to 64 million repetitive signals with relatively large repetition intervals and better utilize the already large acquisition memory by discarding dead-time in between signals. Down to femtosecond resolution time-tagging allows to know the precise time between each captured waveform segment. Please refer to GSA SDK User’s Guide section 5.1.2 Acquisition Format Specification ADC_BB (Baseband Acceleration) This option allows to modify the internal digital FIR filter amplitude and phase response for the digitizer input channel. Additional frequency response amplitude and phase corrections can be added to compensate for the signal path external to the digitizer input channel. If the bandwidth of signal is smaller than the digitizer analog bandwidth, the baseband digital filter cutoff can be reduced before decimation to increase ENOB and reduce data amount needed to be transferred to the PC for post processing. Please refer to GSA SDK User’s Guide section 5.1.10 Data Sampling Rate Control and 5.1.18 External Filter Correction ADC_BBRT2 (Real-Time 32 Gsa/s Baseband Filtering) To increase acquisition time for longer signals, which have smaller analog bandwidth than the digitizer, the Real-time 32 Gsa/s baseband digital filtering and decimation option can be used to reduce acquisition data and increase ENOB before storing it to the memory. This option enables triggered streaming and recording. Please refer to GSA SDK User’s Guide section 5.7 Performing Data Streaming ADC_ARTDDC (Advanced Real-Time 32 Gsa/s Digital Down Converting) The Real-Time patented7 32 Gsa/s Digital Down Conversion option allows to perform the down conversion in real-time in the ADP7000 digitizer FPGAs. Real-time IF Magnitude triggering can be used to decide if data is to be stored to the digitizer I/Q memory or not. This allows to capture and store only signals of interest within the DDC span and reduces the data amount needed to be transferred to the PC for post processing. Keysight 89600 VSA software can be used to tune each digitizer channel center frequency independently and perform final processing and measurements related to particular transmission standard for measurement channels simultaneously. Please refer to GSA SDK User’s Guide section 5.8 Performing Digital Down Conversion ADC_VSM1 (Variable-Length Segments with ADC_ARTDDC) Variable length segmented memory acquisition allows for segmented capture where each segment has a length optimized to capture RF pulses using the Real-Time IF Magnitude Trigger and have minimal dead time capture. This greatly extends the utility of the memory. Please refer to GSA SDK User’s Guide section 5.9.2 Magnitude Trigger ADC_AVG (High Speed Deep Averaging) Averaging for noise reduction is used in measurements when high dynamic range is required. Averaging is done in real-time in FPGAs thousands of times faster compared to other methods. With the 40-bit 1024K internal accumulator the accuracy of measurements is greatly increased by allowing up-to 4 billion averaged waveforms. This allows viewing side bands spectral regrowth and other repetitive signals previously hidden in the noise. Please refer to GSA SDK User’s Guide section 5.6 Performing Real Time Accumulation Measurement ADC_AVGS (Bundles ADC_SM and ADC_AVG)(High Speed Deep Segmented Averaging) Segmented averaging mode further advances the measurement flexibility by utilizing groups of data of interest into segments. Each segment may either have its own trigger event programmed or just suspend the data accumulation process for specified period of time. Please refer to GSA SDK User’s Guide section 5.6 Performing Real Time Accumulation Measurement ADC_SYNC1 (Multi-Module Synchronization Capability) Multi-module synchronization capability, allows to increase the total number of digitizer channels by combining multiple modules into one instrument. The option enables multichannel phase coherent time-tagged input channels to be triggered from common source or independently. Synchronization is performed during digitizer initialization and channel-to-channel skew is restored and maintained between instrument channels. The digitizers can be setup to follow an external 50 MHz, 100 MHz or 200 MHz time base without uncertainty, which is critical for ATE and OEM systems application. Please refer to GSA SDK User’s Guide section 4.5 Synchronization of Several Digitizers and 5.1.17 Synchronous Acquisition ________________ 6 U.S. Patent 7,408,495 7 U.S. Patent 9,641,191 Signal Connection and Probing For applications that require single ended or differential probing, Guzik recommends the Keysight InfiniiMax series of probing tools for use with the ADP7000 digitizer Modules. Detailed selection information can be found at the following link: http://www.keysight.com/find/probes document 5968-7141EN. A wide variety of probe solutions up to 13 GHz in bandwidth can be purchased directly from Keysight. The Keysight InfiniiMax Series8 features a variety of probe amplifier and body styles. The interface to the ADP7000’s input connector is the Keysight N1022B Probe Adapter, the 1143A Probe Offset Control and Power Module with an additional ruggedized 3.5 mm to SMA cable pictured below. ________________ 8 Keysight and InfiniiMax are registered trademarks of Keysight Technologies. One Guzik ADP7104 AXIe Digitizer and Processor, Keysight M8190A 12 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator controlled by one Keysight M9537A AXIe High Performance Embedded Controller in a 4U Keysight M9505A AXIe 5-Slot Chassis pictured below:

Mega project in India

Narendra Modi’s top 10 signature infrastructure projects to power ‘New India’
Modi government has launched a number of ambitious infrastructure projects in the country.
By: FE Online | New Delhi | Updated: April 3, 2017 6:16 PM
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 Prime Minister Narendra Modi  the Chenani-Nashri road tunnel. (Source: narendramodi.in)
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Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday dedicated the Chenani-Nashri road tunnel, which is India’s longest road tunnel, to the nation. However, the critics and the opposition Congress leaders were quick to point out that he had only inaugurated a project that was launched during the UPA regime. A few opposition leaders even asked when Modi would inaugurate something that has been completed by the NDA  government. Apart from the apparent politics, the criticism, however, was a bit unfair as Modi government has also launched several ambitious signature projects that would change the face of the country.
Here we take a look at the top 10 infrastructure projects started by Modi government:

1. Sagarmala Project: It aims to promote port- led direct and indirect development and provide infrastructure to transport goods to and from ports quickly, efficiently and cost- effectively. The project is estimated to cost around Rs 12,00,000 crore. The government wants to implement the projects worth Rs 5,00,000 crore under the ambitious programme by May 2019.

2. Bharatmala Project: This is Narendra Modi’s Rs 14,000 crore project linking India’s vast west-to-east land border from Gujarat to Mizoram. It will also link to a road network in coastal states from Maharashtra to West Bengal. In a way, this road network will garland the entire country. Modi government is planning to finish the 5000-km road project in 5 years.
3. Mumbai Trans Harbour Link, Shivaji Memorial: This will be country’s longest sea bridge at 22.5 km. It will connect Mumbai’s eastern suburbs with the mainland across the harbour through a 16.5 km sea bridge and a viaduct. The project will cost around Rs18,000 crore and completed by 2019. It will connect Sewri in central-east Mumbai with Nhava Seva across the harbour. The BJP government is also building a Rs 3600 crore grand memorial of Chhatrapati Shivaji in Mumbai.
4. Arunachal Pradesh on rail map: Modi government has brought Arunachal Pradesh on the railway map of India with India’s longest rail-cum-road bridge — the 4.94-km long Bogibeel bridge over Brahmaputra. Modi government also aims for converting all meter-gauge tracks in the northeastern states to broad-gauge. In Arunachal, the Centre has started location survey to connect Tawang, Aalo, Pasighat with broad gauge railway networks.

5. Setu Bharatam project: The Rs 50,800-crore Setu Bharatam project aims to ensure highways without railway crossings by 2019 and overhaul of 1,500 British-era bridges. Under the project, 208 railway crossings will be replaced by rail over bridges (ROBs) by 2019 at an estimated cost of Rs 20,800 crore. Also, 1,500 bridges of the British era across the country will be overhauled for around Rs 30,000 crore.
6. Rashtriya Rajmarg Zila Sanjoyokta Pariyojna: This project aims to connect 100 of the 676 district headquarters in the country with world-class highways. The project entails development of 6,600 km of highways at an estimated cost of about Rs 60,000 crore.
7. Inland Waterways: Modi government has planned to develop inland waterways including rivers like Ganga, Brahmaputra and Mahanadi. The government is spending around Rs 4,000 crore for developing waterway facilities in Ganga. The government would also invest Rs 50000 crore for development of Paradip port. An additional amount of Rs 8200 crore would be used for developing a new port at Paradip.

8. Gujarat-Gorakhpur gas pipeline: Government-owned Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) is laying India’

Missile Technology Current Affairs

In modern language, a missile is a self-propelled precision-guided munition system, as opposed to an unguided self-propelled munition, referred to as a rocket (although these too can also be guided). Missiles have four system components: targeting or missile guidance, flight system, engine, and warhead. Missiles come in types adapted for different purposes: surface-to-surfaceand air-to-surface missiles (ballistic, cruise, anti-ship, anti-tank, etc.), surface-to-air missiles (and anti-ballistic), air-to-air missiles, and anti-satellite weapons. All known existing missiles are designed to be propelled during powered flight by chemical reactions inside a rocket engine, jet engine, or other type of engine.^[cit Non-self-propelled airborne explosive devicesare generally referred to as shells and usually have a shorter range than missiles.

In ordinary British-English usage predating guided weapons, a missile is "any thrown object", such as objects thrown at players by rowdy spectators at a sporting event

Guidance systems:

Missiles may be targeted in a number of ways. The most common method is to use some form of radiation, such as infrared, lasers or radio waves, to guide the missile onto its target. This radiation may emanate from the target (such as the heat of an engine or the radio waves from an enemy radar), it may be provided by the missile itself (such as a radar), or it may be provided by a friendly third party (such as the radar of the launch vehicle/platform, or a laser designator operated by friendly infantry). The first two are often known as fire-and-forget as they need no further support or control from the launch vehicle/platform in order to function. Another method is to use a TV guidance—using either visible light or infrared—in order to see the target. The picture may be used either by a human operator who steers the missile onto its target or by a computer doing much the same job. One of the more bizarre guidance methods instead used a pigeon to steer the missile to its target.

Many missiles use a combination of two or more of the above methods to improve accuracy and the chances of a successful engagement.

Targeting systems:

Another method is to target the missile by knowing the location of the target and using a guidance system such as INS, TERCOM or satellite guidance. This guidance system guides the missile by knowing the missile's current position and the position of the target, and then calculating a course between them. This job can also be performed somewhat crudely by a human operator who can see the target and the missile and guide it using either cable- or radio-based remote control, or by an automatic system that can simultaneously track the target and the missile. Furthermore, some missiles use initial targeting, sending them to a target area, where they will switch to primary targeting, using either radar or IR targeting to acquire the target.

Flight system:

Whether a guided missile uses a targeting system, a guidance system or both, it needs a flight system. The flight system uses the data from the targeting or guidance system to maneuver the missile in flight, allowing it to counter inaccuracies in the missile or to follow a moving target. There are two main systems: vectored thrust (for missiles that are powered throughout the guidance phase of their flight) and aerodynamic maneuvering (wings, fins, canard (aeronautics), etc.).

Engine:

Solid rocket motor

Missiles are powered by an engine, generally either a type of rocket engine or jet engine. Rockets are generally of the solid fueltype for ease of maintenance and fast deployment, although some larger ballistic missiles use Liquid-propellant rockets. Jet engines are generally used in cruise missiles, most commonly of the turbojet type, due to its relative simplicity and low frontal area. Turbofans and ramjets are the only other common forms of jet engine propulsion, although any type of engine could theoretically be used. Missiles often have multiple engine stages, particularly in those launched from the surface. These stages may all be of similar types or may include a mix of engine types − for example, surface-launched cruise missiles often have a rocket booster for launching and a jet engine for sustained flight.

Some missiles may have additional propulsion from another source at launch; for example, the V1 was launched by a catapult, and the MGM-51 Shillelagh was fired out of a tank gun (using a smaller charge than would be used for a shell).

Warhead:

Missiles generally have one or more explosive warheads, although other weapon types may also be used. The warheads of a missile provide its primary destructive power (many missiles have extensive secondary destructive power due to the high kinetic energy of the weapon and unburnt fuel that may be on board). Warheads are most commonly of the high explosive type, often employing shaped charges to exploit the accuracy of a guided weapon to destroy hardened targets. Other warhead types include submunitions, incendiaries, nuclear weapons, chemical, biological or radiological weapons or kinetic energy penetrators. Warheadless missiles are often used for testing and training purposes.

Basic roles:

Missiles are generally categorized by their launch platform and intended target. In broadest terms, these will either be surface (ground or water) or air, and then sub-categorized by range and the exact target type (such as anti-tank or anti-ship). Many weapons are designed to be launched from both surface or the air, and a few are designed to attack either surface or air targets (such as the ADATS missile). Most weapons require some modification in order to be launched from the air or surface, such as adding boosters to the surface-launched version.

Ballistic[edit]

An R-36 ballistic missile launch at a Soviet silo

After the boost stage, ballistic missiles follow a trajectory mainly determined by ballistics. The guidance is for relatively small deviations from that.

Ballistic missiles are largely used for land attack missions. Although normally associated with nuclear weapons, some conventionally armed ballistic missiles are in service, such as MGM-140 ATACMS. The V2 had demonstrated that a ballistic missile could deliver a warhead to a target city with no possibility of interception, and the introduction of nuclear weapons meant it could efficiently do damage when it arrived. The accuracy of these systems was fairly poor, but post-war development by most military forces improved the basic Inertial navigation system concept to the point where it could be used as the guidance system on Intercontinental ballistic missiles flying thousands of kilometers. Today, the ballistic missile represents the only strategic deterrent in most military forces; however, some ballistic missiles are being adapted for conventional roles, such as the Russian Iskander or the Chinese DF-21D anti-ship ballistic missile. Ballistic missiles are primarily surface-launched from mobile launchers, silos, ships or submarines, with air launch being theoretically possible with a weapon such as the cancelled Skybolt missile.

The Russian Topol M (SS-27 Sickle B) is the fastest (7,320 m/s) missile currently in service.^[3]

Cruise missile:

United States Tomahawk cruise missile

Indian Supersonic cruise missile BrahMos.

The V1 had been successfully intercepted during World War II, but this did not make the cruise missile concept entirely useless. After the war, the US deployed a small number of nuclear-armed cruise missiles in Germany, but these were considered to be of limited usefulness. Continued research into much longer-ranged and faster versions led to the US's SM-64 Navaho and its Soviet counterparts, the Burya and Buran cruise missile. However, these were rendered largely obsolete by the ICBM, and none were used operationally. Shorter-range developments have become widely used as highly accurate attack systems, such as the US Tomahawk missile and Russian Kh-55 . Cruise missiles are generally further divided into subsonic or supersonic weapons - supersonic weapons such as BrahMos are difficult to shoot down, whereas subsonic weapons tend to be much lighter and cheaper allowing more to be fired.

Cruise missiles are generally associated with land-attack operations, but also have an important role as anti-shipping weapons. They are primarily launched from air, sea or submarine platforms in both roles, although land-based launchers also exist.

Anti-ship[edit]

The French Exocet missile in flight

Another major German missile development project was the anti-shipping class (such as the Fritz X and Henschel Hs 293), intended to stop any attempt at a cross-channel invasion. However, the British were able to render their systems useless by jamming their radios, and missiles with wire guidance were not ready by D-Day. After the war, the anti-shipping class slowly developed and became a major class in the 1960s with the introduction of the low-flying jet- or rocket-powered cruise missiles known as "sea-skimmers". These became famous during the Falklands War, when an Argentine Exocet missile sank a Royal Navy destroyer.

A number of anti-submarine missiles also exist; these generally use the missile in order to deliver another weapon system such as a torpedo or depth charge to the location of the submarine, at which point the other weapon will conduct the underwater phase of the mission.

Anti-tank[edit]

U.S. Army soldiers firing an FGM-148 Javelin

By the end of WWII, all forces had widely introduced unguided rockets using High-explosive anti-tank warheads as their major anti-tank weapon (see Panzerfaust, Bazooka). However, these had a limited useful range of 100 m or so, and the Germans were looking to extend this with the use of a missile using wire guidance, the X-7. After the war, this became a major design class in the later 1950s and, by the 1960s, had developed into practically the only non-tank anti-tank system in general use. During the 1973 Yom Kippur War between Israel and Egypt, the 9M14 Malyutka (aka "Sagger") man-portable anti-tank missile proved potent against Israeli tanks. While other guidance systems have been tried, the basic reliability of wire guidance means this will remain the primary means of controlling anti-tank missiles in the near future. Anti-tank missiles may be launched from aircraft, vehicles or by ground troops in the case of smaller weapons.

Surface-to-air[edit]

Anti-aircraft[edit]

MIM-104 Patriot missile being launched

By 1944, US and British air forces were sending huge air fleets over occupied Europe, increasing the pressure on the Luftwaffeday and night fighter forces. The Germans were keen to get some sort of useful ground-based anti-aircraft system into operation. Several systems were under development, but none had reached operational status before the war's end. The US Navy also started missile research to deal with the Kamikaze threat. By 1950, systems based on this early research started to reach operational service, including the US Army's MIM-3 Nike Ajax and the Navy's "3T's" (Talos, Terrier, Tartar), soon followed by the Soviet S-25 Berkut and S-75 Dvina and French and British systems. Anti-aircraft weapons exist for virtually every possible launch platform, with surface-launched systems ranging from huge, self-propelled or ship-mounted launchers to man-portable systems.

Anti-ballistic:

Arrow missile

Like most missiles, the S-300, S-400 (missile), Advanced Air Defence and MIM-104 Patriot are for defense against short-range missiles and carry explosive warheads.

However, in the case of a large closing speed, a projectile without explosives is used; just a collision is sufficient to destroy the target. See Missile Defense Agency for the following systems being developed:

• Arrow 3
• Kinetic Energy Interceptor (KEI)
• Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System (Aegis BMD) - an SM-3 missile with a Lightweight Exo-Atmospheric Projectile (LEAP) Kinetic Warhead (KW)

Air-to-air:

A F-22 Raptor fires an AIM-120 AMRAAM

Soviet RS-82 rockets were successfully tested in combat at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939.

German experience in World War II demonstrated that destroying a large aircraft was quite difficult, and they had invested considerable effort into air-to-air missile systems to do this. Their Messerschmitt Me 262's jets often carried R4M rockets, and other types of "bomber destroyer" aircraft had unguided rockets as well. In the post-war period, the R4M served as the pattern for a number of similar systems, used by almost all interceptor aircraft during the 1940s and 1950s. Lacking guidance systems, such rockets had to be carefully aimed at relatively close range to hit the target successfully. The United States Navy and U.S. Air Force began deploying guided missiles in the early 1950s, most famous being the US Navy's AIM-9 Sidewinder and the USAF's AIM-4 Falcon. These systems have continued to advance, and modern air warfare consists almost entirely of missile firing. In the Falklands War, less powerful British Harriers were able to defeat faster Argentinian opponents using AIM-9L missiles provided by the United States as the conflict began. The latest heat-seeking designs can lock onto a target from various angles, not just from behind, where the heat signature from the engines is strongest. Other types rely on radar guidance (either on board or "painted" by the launching aircraft). Air-to-air missiles also have a wide range of sizes, ranging from helicopter-launched self-defense weapons with a range of a few kilometers, to long-range weapons designed for interceptor aircraft such as the R-37 (missile).

Anti-satellite:

ASM-135 ASAT missile launch in 1985

In the 1950s and 1960s, Soviet designers started work on an anti-satellite weapon, called the Istrebitel Sputnik, which literally means "interceptor of satellites" or "destroyer of satellites". After a lengthy development process of roughly twenty years, it was finally decided that testing of the Istrebitel Sputnik be canceled. This was when the United States started testing their own systems. The Brilliant Pebbles defense system proposed during the 1980s would have used kinetic energy collisions without explosives. Anti-satellite weapons may be launched either by an aircraft or a surface platform, depending on the design. To date, only a few known tests have occurred.